We examined an expanded sample from SEED, which has now completed two data collection phases, to assess associations between pica and common GI symptoms in preschoolers with and without ASD and other (non-ASD) DDS. ![]() The interplay between pica and GI symptoms among children with ASD or other DDS has not been assessed in large epidemiologic studies. 14 A previous study using data from the first phase of SEED, which ascertained GI symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, through parent-report, found that children with ASD were over 3 times more likely to have GI symptoms (34.6%) than children in the general population (POP) group, (12.0%) children with other DD types were nearly 2 times more likely to have GI symptoms (22.2%) than children in the POP group. 11, 12, 13 Prevalence estimates of GI symptoms in persons with ASD have varied widely across studies depending on sampling methods, population characteristics and measurement and definition of GI symptoms. ![]() Several studies have also found that GI symptoms and disorders occur more frequently in children with ASD and other DDS. 7 Associations between pica and ASD and ID remained significant after adjustment for sociodemographic factors with adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) ranging from 1.9 to 8.0 for various subsets of children with ASD diagnoses, ASD characteristics without a diagnosis, and/or ID. 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10 Most recently, we analyzed a large population-based sample of preschool-aged children from the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) and reported that pica prevalence was 9.7%-28.1% in children with ASD, ASD characteristics, and/or ID, which were all significantly higher than the pica prevalence of 3.5% in preschool-aged children sampled from the general population (POP controls). Pica prevalence has been found to be higher in children and adults with DDS, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or intellectual disability (ID) than in the general population. 1, 2, 3, 4 Case reports describe individuals with developmental disabilities (DDS) and pica having subsequent GI symptoms such as vomiting, weight loss, and abdominal pain requiring clinical intervention. ![]() Pica, the repeated ingestion of nonfood non-nutritious items, is a serious condition that can lead to adverse medical consequences, including gastrointestinal (GI) outcomes such as parasites, nutritional deficiencies, and obstructions.
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